Things Fall Apart (Janie essays

Things Fall Apart (Janie articles Janie saw her life like an extraordinary tree in leaf with the things endured, things appreciated, things done and fixed. Sunrise and fate was in the branches. For the duration of the life of Zora Neale Hurston, she has achieved all that a lady in her time could accomplish. She has been a top of the line creator, and she has set a motivation for ladies of any age today. From the 1930s to the 1960s, she distributed seven books, many short stories, magazine articles, and plays and was known as a remarkable folklorist and author just as being the most productive dark lady in America. She survived a period of neediness and harsh occasions for individuals of color however she didnt see anything amiss with being dark. She felt that her obscurity was unique to such an extent that others could profit just from being around her. Her works were viewed as declarations of womanhood and shared positive parts of dark life. In her most well known story, Their Eyes Where Watching God, she portrays Janie Crawford, a 40+ year elderly person who reveals to her life to her companion Phoebe Watson. In Their Eyes Where Watching God, Janie is attempting to discov er love however she doesn't have the foggiest idea about the right places to search for affection. Her initial two endeavors at affection, one that was constrained and the other that was not equivalent toward the beginning, however at long last third chance for the win beguile as she love. Zora Neale Hurston life fills a lot of need in the story and by perusing Their Eyes Where Watching God, the peruser won't just appreciate the tale of a lady life from the opposite side of the skyline yet additionally some close to home data about the creator. (Their Eyes Were Watching God, University of Illinois Press, 1937) In my report I will clarify why Zora Neale Hurston is a motivation and fills in as a model for Janie and discussion on the numerous similitudes and challenges between Janie Crawford and Zora Neale Hurston in Their Eyes Where Watching God. Before Zora Neale Hurston began to compose, she was conceived on a little homestead in Eatonvil... <!

Advances In Medical Technology Essays - Euthanasia,

Advances In Medical Technology Advances in clinical innovation have done a lot to deliver inexplicable fixes and recuperations. In certain conditions be that as it may, these advances have made issues for the older. Increasingly forceful innovation approaches are utilized to broaden the life of the old. Overall the old, just as others, welcome that improvement - regardless of whether they dread a portion of its outcomes. With these advances it has gotten conceivable to save individuals in a vegetative state for practically boundless timeframes. In addition, there are circumstances in which neither the patient nor the family can finish such troubled conditions. Hence, advance mandates are getting progressively predominant. Advance orders resemble living wills. They are archives that an individual can finish to guarantee that medicinal services decisions are regarded. A development order possibly becomes an integral factor if an individual can't impart wishes on the grounds that the individual is for all time oblivious or intellectually debilitated. A 1991 law called The Patient Self Determination Act (PSDA) requires emergency clinics and nursing homes to enlighten patients concerning their entitlement to deny clinical treatment. Individuals can place anything in their development orders. A few people list each clinical mediation they don't need, while others need to clarify their solicitation for courageous measures at any expense. It is an approach to illuminate individual wishes. Advance mandates are viewed as an approach to ensure one's lawful rights for refusal of treatment. Yet, are advance mandates compelling in accomplishing the point expected? There is proof both on the Internet, on the off chance that review books and magazines to demonstrate that advance orders alone miss the mark regarding their target. In not very many cases advanced orders have any impact over choices to pull back or retain life dragging out treatment. The insights in ongoing investigations request our consideration and make us center around the strain and contradiction that exists among doctors and their patients. The populace plainly looks for more power over both their future clinical consideration and furthermore the technique, timing, and spot of their demise. However, on the off chance that one were to truly contemplate the exposed measurements, the person would find that doctors frequently don't permit persistent control. How demoralizing for a patient to expect that the specialist can't be confided in a matter of such significance. Apparently numerous specialists, attendants, particularly estate overseers, have no regard for their patients' de sires. Attendants as patient advocates have an obligation to ensure patients' desires are regarded; it is nursing's job to bring up educated issues and even protests if a patient's treatment abuses the patient's desires. Without demanding mediations to improve the circumstance, a huge exertion will be advanced to build up something that essentially doesn't work. Assessments of the explanations behind the inability to actualize a patient's development order would show a significant sensational catch of eye. At the point when families negate the patients wishes, doctors think about their perspectives giving them massive weight. All things considered, who does the doctor need to reply to? The living, obviously. This is the reason when the family can't help contradicting the development mandate, the family's choices as a rule win out. Managing passing and enduring regularly doesn't make it simple for clinical experts to settle on choices about evacuating life support. Most put forth an attempt to be as impartial as conceivable about such circumstances with the goal that families can settle on educated choices. Another factor for the inability to follow a development mandate was the treating doctor's refusal. One purpose behind the doctor's refusal might be hesitance to recognize expanding tolerant self-rule. All things considered, the clinical choice skyline looks significantly unexpected today in comparison to it did only a couple of years prior. Deciphering advance orders can be risky now and again, as when data is lacking, or when an exacting perusing of the archive doesn't appear to bode well. For instance, the development order may recommend one course of care, while the doctor as well as family accept the patient would in certainty have needed something different. No development mandate can envision each circumstance that might emerge. Crisis conditions can be another hindrance to the usage of advance orders. The crisis room doctor treating a mishap casualty isn't generally in a

How to Create and Manage your Blogs Content Roadmap

How to Create and Manage your Blogs Content Roadmap A content roadmap can a useful tool for both new bloggers and established ones. The roadmap will help the blogger strategize their long term plans for the blog and create posts that work towards this ultimate strategy or goal in a systematic and organized manner. © Shutterstock.com | new7ducksIn this article, we will look at 1) what is a content roadmap, 2) why create a content roadmap and 3) how to create a content roadmap.WHAT IS A CONTENT ROADMAPA content strategy helps create material that delivers a consistent message and meets the expectations an audience has from a blogger. A content roadmap should include both the strategy and the game plan for content production and publication. This can be for any period but a good time-frame to start with is three months. A reader is interested in engaging stories that a blogger shares and wishes to be a part of the story by interacting with them. A roadmap will help a blogger better achieve this.One key benefit of a roadmap is that it will take much of the guesswork out of blogging and the generation of leads. The other is that it allows the blogger to work towards specific goals.A content roadmap should have the following elements:Substance â€" What content is needed by the blogger and their aud ience and why?Structure â€" How is this content to be organized, prioritized and accessed?Workflow â€" How will this content be actually created and maintained?Governance â€" How will the decisions about content and content strategy be made?WHY CREATE A CONTENT ROADMAP?Julie R Neidlinger blogs at Lone Prairie  and is a writer, artist and pilot from North Dakota, USA. She makes the case for how a content roadmap helps you get more done for your blog. Often, people feel that unplanned content is more fresh and spontaneous. Though blogging is often random and sporadic in the beginning, a strong case can be made for a roadmap as reader base and expectations grow.Benefits of Creating a Blog RoadmapAccording to Neilinger, a roadmap does the following positive things for your blogging.Using your Inspiration in Better Ways At the moment inspiration hits, a blogger can get lots of great things done. But inspiration is not a regular event. It can come at any time and with planning, you can m ake sustained use of one burst of inspiration. When inspiration hits, it is a good opportunity to plan a series of posts rather than just one. A good way to do this to write down quick notes and ideas for several posts that include things like headlines, post ideas, content themes, series or even e-book titles.Using your Time to Perfect Posts If posts are planned in advance, it gives you adequate time to rework, refine and fine tune the post. According to Think Better by Tim Hurson, humans work in thirds. This means that the first try at something is a crude one, the second gets better and the third is where the actual gem lies. Many blog posts are within the first part and are rough and unrefined initial ideas. Given time a blogger can reach the third stage and eliminate lazy writing mistakes, proofread and edit.Eliminating Rants and Regrets In spontaneous blogging situations, there are often instances where a blogger is irritated or annoyed and turns this into a rant on a blog. This moment of annoyance can turn to regret later if the rant gets you into any sort of trouble. This could be as basic as a post not aligning with your regular material or angering a potential partner or advertiser. A planned post calendar will mean that the post will have a few days to sit and be considered and you will have the chance to take it off the roster.Having Opportunity for Research With a plan in place, you will know in advance what has to be written and what research is needed to make the post a robust one. The post ideas stay in your head and any relevant material on the internet or your daily routine can turn into more ideas for the post.Using Organized Ideas A well-organized roadmap will mean that you can find the right ideas when you need them and use them as such. A good tool or system will mean that ideas are noted appropriately and available when needed.A planned approach to blogging is simply knowing what will be written and when. The roadmap can be as basic as headlines and basic notes or as detailed as outlines, research links and leads. Planning ahead helps ensure that there is regular content being published on the blog and you are less likely to be affected with writer’s block or a lack of ideas.HOW TO CREATE A CONTENT ROADMAPThere are many ways to get organized and create a content roadmap for your blog. Some important steps to keep in mind are discussed below.Step 1: Decide how Often to BlogThe first step to creating a blog content roadmap is to decide how often you can and want to blog. At this stage, it is important to consider your schedule realistically and set the right target. It is always better to post new articles regularly and consistently. In the beginning, this can be as less often as two posts a month and later on, it can be as often as one post a day. This regularity is preferred to erratic posting where a blogger may post a series of articles and the go silent for a few months. This behavior leads to lost readers . Successful blogs are not marked by the number of posts in a month but by the consistency with which posts appear.Step 2: Identify Blog Audience Bloggers begin by posting to a limited audience and write about what interests them. But the audience grows, it becomes necessary to filter the content to make it more relevant and interesting for this audience. Blogging for customers means writing for existing readers as well as for the readers that a blogger wants to have. Two questions to ask when identifying the audience you want to blog to:Who is currently reading the blog?Who do you as a blogger enjoy interacting with the most?Step 3: Identify Blog Categories In early stages of the blog, categories may be formed based on the posts that have been written already. This means a variety of categories which may or may not be complimentary or properly assigned. When the readership for a blog grows, and a content roadmap is to be created, it is a good idea to revisit the goals of the blog a nd decide categories to create posts within. These categories should be based on what your audience likes and is in keeping with the blog itself. You can begin by brainstorming between 5 to 10 categories that get the most likes, comments or shares when articles relating to them are posted. Categories can be broad and not necessarily closely linked, but they all need to be of interest to your readers.Step 4: Brainstorm Blog Post IdeasOnce the categories are decided, it is now time to think of potential post ideas within each category. Initially, the best idea is to come up with at least 10 ideas within each category. Instead of letting this activity linger on, it may be necessary to set a timer on it like most brainstorming activities. Sit with a notepad and pen and start writing whatever comes to mind. If you blog is based on food for example, you could list 10 recipe ideas for each category such as sweet, savory, breakfast, table décor ideas, etc.At this point, there don’t need to be too many details in the blog ideas, but you can add any that pop up. Blog posts themselves do not all need to be long and detailed but can be based on photos or a small video. Ideas can pop up any time, so it is a good idea to have a system in place to record these and log them into the content roadmap.Step 5: Keep an Eye on Holidays, Special Events TrendsWithin your categories, determine events and potential trends of interest as well as holidays and how they relate specifically to what you do. Make sure to note any collaborations, craft or trade shows or other events that may be on the horizon and work them into the roadmap. Trends are harder to plan for, but you can build enough leverage in your plan to accommodate any extra posts on current trends or a new concept.Step 6: Make an Editorial Blog Calendar Using any tool, whether online, on your desktop or an actual calendar and start entering your roadmap. You can begin with special events that occur at specific times and t heir related posts, move on to holidays and eventually your other post ideas. The categories should be mixed up so that all of them get highlighted and the blog stays engaging and interesting. Many bloggers will schedule posts as early as two or three months in advance, allowing themselves time to work on the structure and content of the blog posts and adjust as needed. To begin with, a good idea is to schedule at least a month of posts in advance.Step 7: Begin Writing PostsAll this planning becomes useless if the content roadmap is not followed regularly and without any gaps. Most blogging platforms will allow for posts to be scheduled in advance and these will be published on the specified dates.Step 8: Keep Reviewing and Updating the RoadmapReviews and update ensure that your roadmap remains relevant and on track. This does not mean that the schedule can be changed if you have failed to follow the calendar or if you do not feel like writing a specific set of posts.Step 9: Measure A key to staying relevant with your audience is to keep measuring the impact of posts created as a result of your roadmap. This will help you understand what works and what doesn’t and consequently help you prioritize the things you need to be working on. There are many tools that are free to use and can help measure this impact. Some of these are:Google Analytics â€" Helps track visitors and their actions as well as to set goals and track campaigns.Social Mention and Topsy â€" Help identify what people are saying on social media about your website.TOOLS AND TIPS TO SUPPORT ROADMAPSCreating and managing the content roadmap is often a daunting task and time intensive as well. In addition to the actual writing and design of the each blog post, there is the planning and research that needs to go into them. Some tools and tips from experienced professionals can help you manage all this work.Google Docs or Evernote for Brainstorming: Kelsey Jones, Managing Editor at Search Engine Journ al, uses google documents and Evernote for her personal clients and content ideas. These are used for brainstorming and keeping track of any ideas and tasks.Mention for Tracking Topics: Selena Narayanasamy, Digital Strategy SEO Consultant, uses several tools including Mention to track specific topics and phrases. She then suggests using Zapier to pull that into organized Evernote notes. These can then be reviewed and broken into categories.Coschedule: She also mentions Coschedule for tying content planning in with social editorial calendar.Compile Best Content Ideas: Angelica Valentine, Content Marketing Manager at  Wiser suggests compiling the best ideas once a month. These can then be prioritized and used to plan for future posts.Spreadsheets for Tracking Target Audience and Keywords: Andrew Dennis, Content Specialist at PageOnePower suggest the use of spreadsheets to maintain editorial calendars for effective content planning. Along with paid options, Google Docs is a good free tool. The spreadsheet can act as a weekly calendar with rows representing days of the week and columns addressing aspects of content such as target audience, target keywords etc.A printable blog planner can be found here to get you started.

Analysis of wind energy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1649 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Energy Industry Essay Level High school Tags: Wind Energy Essay Did you like this example? The advancement in technology which led to industrialization over the last century has resulted in geometric increase in population. Breakthrough in the field of medicine and other technologies subsequently improved fertility, rise in life expectancy and rise in standard of living. The baby boom era saw an unprecedented rise in population from 2.1 billion to over 6.5 billion and the population is expected to rise to about 9 billion people by year 2050 (United nations,2006). This increase in population has led to increase in demand for energy. This has resulted in the burning of more fossil fuels which has raised lots of concerns. The first concern being the question of sustainability due to fossil fuel being non-renewable and the second being the issue of global warming. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of wind energy" essay for you Create order With population set to be on the rise, demand for electricity and other energy sources is bound to increase, more cars begin to ply our roads as more people need to move from one place to the other. These means the rate at which we consume fossil fuel increases as well. This increases the fear of running out of fossil fuel someday questions the sustainability of fossil fuel. The bye products of combusting fossil fuel has also been having derogatory effects on our environment. The release of Carbon monoxide into the atmosphere has contributed to the increase in greenhouse gases. This has resulted in an increase in the average temperature of the earth surface and subsequently contributed to the climate change we are experiencing. Renewable energy sources has been identified as the solution to these problems. Renewable energy sources include solar energy, wind energy, biomass, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power among others. All these sources are renewable and at no risk of running out. Also, unlike fossil fuel, they are environmentally friendly as they contribute little or nothing to the greenhouse gases. According to the U.S. Energy Information and Administration, Renewable energy accounted for 12.7 percent of the total primary energy production in 2017. About 77.6 percent came from fossil fuel (2018). However, renewable energies have various limitations which affects their contribution to energy production. Among these limitations are technological limitations, economic limitations and environmental limitations. In this paper, the limitations of Wind energy will be discussed and probable solutions will be proposed. WIND ENERGY Wind energy is the kinetic energy due to airflow. This airflow is a result of the uneven heating of the earths surface by the sun. The difference in the rate causes the movement of air, as the hot air rises and the cold air goes opposite way in other to reach an equilibrium. The energy in the wind is harnessed by using a Wind Turbine which captures the kinetic energy in the wind. The kinetic energy in the wind causes the blades of the turbine to rotate here by creating a mechanical energy which turns a shaft connected to a gear box. Depending on the gearbox configuration, the speed of rotation of the shaft is multiplied by a factor of 100 or more which in turn drives a generator that produces electricity. Since the Energy crises in 1973, Wind energy has been identified as one of the economically viable renewable energy. Countries like Denmark, Sweden, China, and USA among others have invested heavily in the technology that converts wind energy to electrical energy. This has reduced the cost of per Kw hour of electricity generated by wind by about 80%. However, electricity from wind energy is still more costly than energy generated by fossil fuel. This is due to the high cost of setting up a wind farm as well as running cost. Wind turbines have potential for high efficiency , low operating costs , zero carbon dioxide emission and it only takes the wind turbine about 25 percent of its age to break even and produce the energy that goes into producing, operating and recycling the it (Rose mary P.J, 2014). There are a few things that can be done to reduce the cost of per KW of electricity generated from wind energy. We can improve the technology to produce more electricity at the same cost or reduced cost by trying to eliminate exergy destruction in the system. We can also make policies that help to reduce the running cost of wind turbines. Policies such as reduced tax and incentives for investing in wind turbines. ECONOMICS OF WIND ENERGY The cost of wind energy per KW hour depends on lots of factors ranging from wind speed, location, type of wind turbine. A study done by Raghed showed that the cost of electricity generated in wind power mainly depends on capital and investment cost, operation and maintenance cost and fuel cost. A closer look into the cost of electricity per KW hour in wind energy shows that the cost depends on other things such as the economic depreciation of the capital equipment, interest paid on initial loans, taxes, government incentives and tax credits, electricity bills while on standby, wind speed among others (Ragheb, 2017). This factors vary from location to location. The cost of leasing land for wind farms in the Middle West is less than the cost of leasing the same land mass in the north east coast or in southern states like Texas or California. However the wind speed is more favorable in the Midwestern states than the North east coast and the aforementioned southern states. Other factors that contribute to the cost of wind energy per KW hour is the type of turbine. Different turbines have different efficiencies at different wind speeds. The height of the hub and the diameter of the wind turbines also play a key role in the output of the wind turbine (Rose, 2014). Due to all these factors, it is difficult to specifically pinpoint a particular cost for wind energy as these factors vary from one location to another but one fact that has been ascertained is that the cost of electricity generated per KW hour from wind energy is more than that generated from fossil fuels hereby making it less competitive in the market. However, there are various policies that has been implemented to offset some of these costs, hence making wind energy more profitable for investors. Federal policies like the Production Tax Credit (PTC), Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI), and Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS) among others have been initiated over the years. This has resulted in increase in the installed capacity of the wind power. It was recorded that the installed capacity grew by about 35% in 2005 when the PTC was reinstated after the PTC expired in 2004 (Ragheb, 2017). The policies discussed above has encouraged investors to invest in renewable energy but there has not really being a federal move to reduce dependency on cheaper fossil fuel. Elisabeth Rosenthal in an article for the New York Times in 2010 wrote that If the United States is to catch up to countries like Portugal, the United States must overcome obstacles like a fragmented, outdated energy grid poorly suited to renewable en ergy, a historic reliance on plentiful and cheap supplies of fossil fuels, especially coal, powerful oil and coal industries that often oppose incentives for renewable development and an energy policy that is influenced by individual states. The federal government must improve the energy grids to be more renewable energy friendly to reduce the cost of transporting the energy. The federal government should also reduce the incentives on electricity from fossil fuel and allocate more of the funds to renewable energy. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE Exergy is the useful energy in a system. It is the energy available for useful work. It can be referred to as the dollars in a generating plant as it is the energy available for sale. Although the wind power energy has been ascertained to have high efficiency potentials, the wind turbine can only harvest a small portion of the kinetic energy in the wind. To increase the quantity of energy resources harvested from the wind, a set of turbines which forms a wind farm are strategically located on a field. The set of turbines are connected to a grid to transport the energy to distribution centers. The performance of the wind farm depends on wind speed, wake effects which depends on the spacing between the turbines as well as the topography of the field. In other to maximize the efficiency of the wind farm hereby optimizing power production, the turbines must be positioned at a distance from each other. This distance must be sufficient for the wake effects to diminish and the wind to recov er from the energy harvested from it by the turbine ahead of it (Hui, 2015). For individual wind turbines, the exergy efficiency is a measure of how well the stream exergy of the wind is converted into useful turbine work output which is converted to electricity or used to do work. (ozgener and ozgener, 2006, Reynaga et al, 2017). The input exergy of a wind turbine is dependent on the mass of air causing the blades to rotate. Exergy depends on the dead state and the only difference between the wind at a point and dead state is the velocity it possesses when it is not in dead state. This velocity gives it its kinetic energy which can be converted to useful work by the wind turbine. Irrespective of the temperature and pressure, the energy input of the wind turbine is dependent on the velocity of the wind (Ozgener and Ozgener, 2006). The maximum amount of power available to the wind turbine is equal to the product of the mass flow rate of the air and the specific exergy of the air. The output exergy is equal to the exergy available at the inverter. The exergy de struction is the difference between the output exergy and the input exergy. Sources of exergy destruction in the wind turbine includes heat, friction and noise. And these losses occur during the mechanical (shaft speed multiplication and braking) and electrical (generators) activities of the wind turbine.

The Management and Control of Quality 8e - 34169 Words

http://www.helpyoustudy.info CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO QUALITY TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. In the early Twentieth century, the artificial separation of production workers from responsibility for quality assurance led to an increased focus on quality among both workers and their managers. Answer: F AACSB: Analytic Skills The measure of efficiency defined as the amount of output achieved per unit of input is referred to as productivity. Answer: T AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills Management control refers to any planned and systematic activity directed toward providing consumers with products of appropriate quality, along with the confidence that products meet consumers’ requirements. Answer: F AACSB: Analytic Skills The transcendent†¦show more content†¦d. global quality time and motion guidelines standards; workforce orientation and commitment. Answer: a AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. Page 3 of 26 http://www.helpyoustudy.info http://www.helpyoustudy.info 3. A key contribution of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management philosophy was to: a. reduce the reliance on inspectors for quality assurance. b. increase the training and education workers received. c. separate the planning function from the execution function. d. combine individual work tasks to promote teamwork. Answer: c AACSB: Analytic Skills 4. The change in society’s attitude from â€Å"let the buyer beware† to â€Å"let the producer beware† was fuelled by all the following factors EXCEPT: a. government safety regulations. b. product recalls. c. popularity of TQM as a quality tool. d. the rapid increase in product-liability judgments. Answer: c AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills Which of the following is most appropriate in describing the quality efforts undertaken with the scientific management philosophy? a. Defect prevention was emphasized. b. Quality circles were extensively used. c. Use of inspection was wide-spread. d. Quality was every worker’s responsibility. 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Cultural Dimensions In Advertising Free Essays

SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION CMNS 323-4 (W)* (D100) Instructor:Brad KingSpring Semester 2012 Email: bka10@sfu. ca Burnaby Day Twitter: @btcking ————————————————- CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN ADVERTISING Prerequisites: 60 units, including two of CMNS 220, 221, 223 or 226. CMNS 362 or 363 is strongly recommended. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Dimensions In Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overview: Advertising is everywhere in contemporary society. From television and the Internet, to newspapers and magazines, people are exposed to thousands of advertising ‘impressions’ every day. Beyond individual ads, media convergence, and the quest for ‘synergies’, has increasingly transformed all forms of culture into tools of marketing and promotion. What are the social, cultural, and political implications of these developments? How does advertising and ‘promotional culture’ affect the society in which we live, our value structures, belief systems, and our ideas about what constitutes ‘the good life’? Our primary objective is to critically explore contemporary advertising, as it connects to larger questions of society and culture. Our focus will NOT be on the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the advertising industry, nor will the course teach you how to create advertising campaigns, or how to design marketing strategies. Instead, we will draw upon different critical theories and empirical research methods, as a means of reflecting upon the broader social and cultural dimensions of advertising. We begin with a discussion of the relationship between advertising, promotional culture, and a social, economic, and cultural environment dominated by commodification. We then examine some of the dominant characteristics of post-modern advertising and promotional culture, using case studies of the representation of capitalism and the emerging phenomena of ‘green marketing’. In the latter half of the course, we broaden our focus beyond advertising texts to consider themes such as the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical drugs, the commercialization of children’s culture, globalization, political advertising, consumer research and new media. _________________ This is a writing-intensive course. Students who began their degrees in Fall 2006 onwards must successfully complete at least two (W) courses, at least one of which must be upper division, preferably within the student’s discipline. It is strongly recommended that students take one (W) course as early as possible, preferably in their first 30 credits hours. Students are required to complete their first (W) course within their first 60 credit hours. †¦. over C ourse Format: The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussion. While there will be some overlap between the lectures, readings and tutorials, there will also be important material that is only covered in one or the other. In other words, you are expected to do the readings, attend the lectures and the tutorials to cover all the material that you will be tested upon and which you will have to draw upon in your research projects. Given that the course is writing-intensive, substantial tutorial time will be devoted to exercises and discussion designed to improve the writing skills of students. Participation in these exercises is a mandatory component of the course, thus students should be prepared to attend all tutorial meetings. The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussions. Required Readings: All course texts will be available on the course wiki. Grading: Grading is subject to confirmation in class. This is a tentative outline and subject to change. Creative Ad Project30% Final Paper55% Tutorial Participation15% The school expects that the grades awarded in this course will bear some reasonable relation to established university-wide practices with respect to both levels and distribution of grades. In addition, The School will follow Policy S10. 01 with respect to Academic Integrity, and Policies S10. 02, S10. 03 and S10. 04 as regards Student Discipline (note: as of May 1, 2009 the previous T10 series of policies covering Intellectual Honesty (T10. 02) and Academic Discipline (T10. 03) have been replaced with the new S10 series of policies). How to cite Cultural Dimensions In Advertising, Essay examples

Use of Antibiotics in Preventing Recurrent Acute for Effusion

Question: Write about theUse of Antibiotics in Preventing Recurrent Acute for Effusion. Answer: Introduction There is an extensive but controversial medical literature on medical resources needed to address problems related to otitis media. Recently, use of certain antibiotics in children suffering from otitis media has raised concerns from different quarters. Acute otitis media (AOM) can be addressed by use of antibiotics or surgical treatment; in which either treatment has certain benefits and demerits, warranting extensive debates and consultations before settling for one. For those who propose recurrent antibiotic treatment of recurrent AOM, the choice, timing and the period of antibiotic prophylaxis are to be resolved. There is uncertainty for otitis media effusion (OME) as to whether antibiotic offer placebo advantage (Rovers, Schilder, and Zielhuis, 2004 p. 22). The research is aimed at addressing these concerns hence the need for meta-analyses of antibiotics role in porphyries of recurrent AOM and OME treatment. Research questions that need to be satisfied include; 1. What is the magnitude of the effect of treatment of prophylactic a suppression of antibiotic of recurrent AOM? 2. what effect exists, if the details of using an antibiotic choice of timing, duration, and timing offer the highest beneficial effect. 3. What is a short-term magnitude of treatment effect if any, of OME resolution with antibiotic, 4. If OME effect exists in the short term. If there are long-term benefits. 5. If there is a presence of treatment effect with OME, what are the antibiotics optimal use, 6? Does the treatment vary for either condition by the characteristic of the patient that is known as the rates influencers of AOM such as group setting, age, socioeconomic status, and season of the year (Jacobs, Springer, and Crothers, 2001 p. 166)? Goals for Patients with Recurrent Otitis Media The main goals during treatment of recurrent otitis media include preventing of faster progression of infectious, addressing AOM complication, preventing hearing prevention deficits and promoting language development. The antibiotic studies use of either treatment of OME or prophylaxis of recruitment AOM were identified by MEDLINE during a 1996 search using refined searching that was linked with the otitis media phase. With one of the following terms; prospective, clinical trials, random models, placebo, statistical, placebos, the articles that were identified to help study more about the problems (Harrison, Tyler, Smith, and Findlay, 2004. P.45); the results confirmed that goals of treatment are as discussed herein. Methods Monographs, textbooks and current contents were searched. Use of randomly published controlled trials of the use of antibiotics in the AOM recurrent or OME was selected. The estimated effects of the submission and publication of studies with the findings that are null by the standard approach. The inclusion articles meeting criteria were obliged to conceal the source of authors, study location, publication and medication use. The results and methods sections were viewed independently, reviewed by reviewers who rated every article for ideal adherence characterized by a randomized controlled trial using a rating form that was standard (Hunink, Weinstein, Wittenberg etl 2014. P. 674). The reviewers also used an additional scoring sheet to rate the potential of the assessed report of confounding factors such age, race, status, duration, socioeconomic factors, disease, the previous therapy used for otitis media and the first episode of otitis media. Differences between reviewers accurate rating on specific items got solutions by the third blinded reviewer. The evaluation summary scores were rated. Articles that were selected were used for four meta-analyses separately. For sufficient outcome reports were used for more than analysis and the authors provided presented more data for more than one outcome. Meta-analyses addressed the use of antibiotics in the prophylaxis of recurrent AOM. Examining the episode frequency of meta-analyses. These go into the data present the number of patients per month. The outcome of treatment of OME was reported in this period; the outcome used the closest to a month after treatment. The patients in this group were in the unit of analysis. Free effusion for the patient to consider benefited treatment. The report that was similar with an exception the unit of outcome in the articles was cleared. A more conservative measure of the outcome the patient. The patient is one of the meta-analysis. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis method DerSimonian analyses were used as well as Laird to calculate the differences in rates of treatment approximation and the effect at 95% confidence interval (Kemper, and Cohen, 2004.p 55). The random effect the random effect did not ensure homogeneity of the study population and incorporated different variability into the estimates. The effect summary statistics of effect using the approach is measured by terms of error within every study as the results are shown. Finding The findings of the meta-analysis offer support that is mixed for the use of antibiotics in the prophylaxis or treatment of OME and the recurrent AOM. Prophylaxis treatment works best for children with AOM intermittent with regards to prevention of AOM. The effect was limited by treatment requirement in which it showed ten children desirable treatment outcomes (Tan, Brainard, and Larkin, 2015 p. 455). However, the small RD is necessary to stand out given the nature of antitoxic and attraction risk (surgical treatment) There is lack of sufficient indication to recommend a particular antibiotic, although using sulfisoxazole seems to have better treatment outcomes compared with other antibiotics. The insufficient evidence fails to provide a recommendation on the treatment duration or the effect of the recurrence rates of AOM before therapy. For the case of OME, the antibiotics appear to be useful in a short course or short-term effusion clearance. With regard as to whether one considers it being the outcome of treatment. The effect is limited; however other patients need to be treated to improve the result in one of them and relatively short duration. In in a month or more after completion of treatment, there is no statistical improvement in comparison with control. Prevention of delays in language development is the major goal of OME treatment as well as general realization of developmental milestones that may be delayed by hearing deficits. Lack of effectiveness in treatment, in the long term, leads to questioning the value of antibiotic treatment with regards to its administration to achieve its goals. Language is not acquired in the short term interval. If there is persistence in the antibiotic treatment for a short duration, the goal may not be achieved. Additionally, recent studies conducted with placebo control tend to indicate lesser short-term antibiotic benefits. With meta-analysis, the findings reported herein rely on the concluded studies in the analysis. Two of the analyses suggest that those of the current otitis media and of OME with the outcome of measure involving the use of data that are not entirely independent. The results of the research could come more than once in one child since raw data was not available. However, since raw data was not available to address the question, and since methodology was not approached statistically through meta-analysis, type two errors were not excluded properly. Very few studies consider a few of the many potential factors that were confounded in the survey design. These analyses were also unable to address the question about how the characteristics of the patient influenced the effect of treatment. The lack of methodological rigor in the study included as indicated by the low-quality scores were considered as findings limitation. The study quality, however, shows that over and above assignment of patients randomly to treatment to be as considered findings limitation. The correction of the survey on the quality over and above the treatment of patients to be compared. Quantitative review The pooled showed findings an RD favoring the treatment of the antibiotic of 0.11 OAM episodes patient month (CI, 0.03 to 0.19 95%) the control in the group was 0.19. The pooled findings showed an RD favoring treatment of 0.11 events. The control rate groups were 0.19 (CI, 0.13 TO 0.26 95%). Three studies with 121 subjects in a total used crossover design. Excluding the crossover of the studies produced no change. Studies that used sulfisoxazole had a trend a better outcome (RD, 0.20;95%) (Young, Peppard, and Gottlieb, 2002.p 1218) OME Treatment, long tern common effects. The meta-analysis 4. In the meta-analysis, eight students were included 0f short-term to long-term outcome of the treatment of OME with antibiotics. Five studies had the results of favoring the treatment of antibiotic and three studies supported placebo, and two showed a small difference or no difference at all. One had CIs that zero was inclusive. In a pooled analysis it was found that little evidence for long-term or average benefit from antibiotic from antibiotic treatment of OME. When there was a division of studies by the use of ear or the patient as the outcome the results remained the same. With the patient the RD was o. o1 (95% CI, 0.06-0.08); with the ear was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.14 TO 0.26). Elimination on the study using the antibiotic of efficiency that is questionable (penicillin) did not affect the findings. Likewise, the division of the studies by the treatment duration. Summary and Recommendations Gens tends to produce treatment effects than the other antibiotics better; the statistical differences are not significant. Regarding the term of the therapy, no trend is the apparent or preexisting disease. These are with reason that the primary goal of OME treatment is preventing language or developmental delays due to the deficit of earing. The lack of long-term effectiveness results to one questioning the value of antibiotic treatment as it is currently administered in achieving this goal (Schneeweiss, 2007, p.144). In the short interval of time language is not acquired. If there is the persistence of antibiotic treatment for a short period only the goal my not achieved. Additionally, more recent studies and the studies conducted with controls placebo tended to show secondary benefits in short-term of the antibiotics. With any meta-analysis, the reported findings herein show on the studies in the analysis that was concluded. Three of the meta-analyses of those otitis media and OME that was recurrent with the ear as the measure of the outcome. The involvement of the use of the data that are not independent fully. The outcome under study occurred more than once in the same child. Since the used data was raw from the studies were unavailable, the statistical correction could not be appropriate and cloud not be the correction for this unknown dependency level (Thomas, and Witte, 2002, p. 510). The approach used is conservative in the correction for dependence would have resulted to narrow CIs. As the studies disagree on the duration of treatment, its possible that combining the results from all the studies may affect the difference between the results response curves at distinct points in time. However, since there was no raw data in the study to address the question and methodology did not exist to give the correction; as such straight-line was selected in response curves. Finally, there is currently no approach that is standard to calculating power for statistics summary obtainable through meta-analysis leading to exclusion of type II possibility in some of the null comparisons (Roberts, Rosenfeld, and Zeisel, 2004, p.240). The study design factors were very few that produces low scores. The limitation of the findings correction of the quality study over and above assignment is randomly given to patients to the treatment that is compared has not altered the results. When it has been done in the different meta-analysis and found no correlation between observed RD and qual ity (Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium, 2007 p. 663). Conclusion Antibiotics appear to have limited effect in treatment of OME but beneficial in treatment of recurrent otitis media and resolution of OME in the short run. OME long-term benefits have not been identified clearly. Most studies seem to be failing to consider their potential to produce usable recommendations. This has contributed to the inability to determine groups of patients that are most likely to benefit. There is uncertainty whether antibiotic treatment for otitis media with OME effusion offer any benefit over placebo. The meta-analysis in prophylaxis antibiotics of recurrent AOM and OME treatment attests to that. References Rovers, M.M., Schilder, A.G.,and Zielhuis, G.A. 2004. Otitis media.The Lancet,363(9407), pp.465-473. Klein, J.O., 2000. The burden of otitis media.Vaccine,19, pp.S2-S8. Jacobs, J., Springer, D.A. and Crothers, D., 2001. Homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media in children: a preliminary randomized placebo-controlled trial.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,20(2), pp.177-183. Block, S.L., Hedrick, J., Harrison, C.J., Tyler, R., Smith, A., Findlay, R. and Keegan, E., 2004. Community-wide vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate significantly alters the microbiology of acute otitis media.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,23(9), pp.829-833. Lieberthal, A.S., Carroll, A.E., Chonmaitree, T., Ganiats, T.G., Hoberman, A., Jackson, M.A., Joffe, M.D., Miller, D.T., Rosenfeld, R.M., Sevilla, X.D. and Schwartz, R.H., 2013. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media.Pediatrics,131(3), pp.e964-e999. Hunink, M.M., Weinstein, M.C., Wittenberg, E., Drummond, M.F., Pliskin, J.S., Wong, J.B. and Glasziou, P.P., 2014.Decision making in health and medicine: integrating evidence and values. Cambridge University Press. Degenhardt, B.F. and Kuchera, M.L., 2006. Osteopathic evaluation and manipulative treatment in reducing the morbidity of otitis media: a pilot study.The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association,106(6), pp.327-334. Tan, E., Brainard, A. and Larkin, G.L., 2015. Acceptability of the flipped classroom approach for in?house teaching in emergency medicine.Emergency Medicine Australasia,27(5), pp.453-459. Kemper, K.J. and Cohen, M., 2004. Ethics meet complementary and alternative medicine: new light on old principles. Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A.K., Wertheim, H.F., Sumpradit, N., Vlieghe, E., Hara, G.L., Gould, I.M., Goossens, H. and Greko, C., 2013. Antibiotic resistancethe need for global solutions.The Lancet infectious diseases,13(12), pp.1057-1098. Marchisio, P., Nazzari, E., Torretta, S., Esposito, S. and Principi, N., 2014. Medical prevention of recurrent acute otitis media: an updated overview.Expert review of anti-infective therapy,12(5), pp.611-620. Roberts, J.E., Rosenfeld, R.M. and Zeisel, S.A., 2004. Otitis media and speech and language: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.Pediatrics,113(3), pp.e238-e248. Thomas, D.C. and Witte, J.S., 2002. Point: population stratification: a problem for case-control studies of candidate-gene associations?Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers,11(6), pp.505-512. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, 2007. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls.Nature,447(7145), p.661. Schneeweiss, S., 2007. Developments in post?marketing comparative effectiveness research.Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics,82(2), pp.143-156. Young, T., Peppard, P.E. and Gottlieb, D.J., 2002. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,165(9), pp.1217-1239.

Astronaut And Space Essays - Apollo Program, United States

Astronaut And Space On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy delivered one of the most memorable State of the Union addresses in the history of the United States. ?I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the earth? (http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy launched a new era of space exploration in the United States. Although the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (http://www.hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians already launched the first satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a stand still on the subject. What the country needed was a wake-up call, and that is exactly what it got from one of the most celebrated speakers in its history. The new era promised much, but expected little. From USA's struggle to be the dominant world power in the Cold War Era, to the careless depletion of natural resources in the Information Age, space exploration and astronauts were and will be the real keys to the new millennium and beyond. Before looking into the future, or even evaluating the present, one must look in detail at the history of the space project. The missions that gave scientists and engineers the necessary data and experience to make new, safer, more reliable and intricate equipment were launched long before there was realistic talk of sending probes to Mars. The astronauts that helped shape the training programs, took the beatings of primitive flight tests, and died in order to serve their country were born before World War II. And even the Russian Space Program was crucial to what the space program is today. It fueled competition, and provided more resources for American engineers. Until Apollo 11, they were ahead of the Americans in almost everyway, with their launch of Sputnik, a unmanned satellite in 1957, and their countless firsts in orbiting and space walks. Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space. Although most of the missions that have been launched have been important in their own ways, some missions just stand out, whether it was the first step on the Moon, or the first mission to Mars. NASA's first high profile program was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive in space. It was the prelude to the later missions, and it gave NASA the necessary data to build better, and more comfortable ships for humans to stay in space for extended periods of time. The first launch of the Mercury program was the LJ-1 on August 21, 1959. At thirty-five minutes before launch, evacuation of the area had been proceeding on schedule. Suddenly, half an hour before launch-time, an explosive flash occurred. When the smoke cleared it was evident that only the capsule-and-tower combination had been launched, on a trajectory similar to an off-the-pad abort (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Mercury: LJ-1). The first mildly successful spacecraft launch occurred September 9, 1959. Although t he BJ-1 ship experienced some problems, and the timing on some of the separation procedures was off, the capsule made it back to earth some seven hours after lift-off. The capsule orbited the earth for approximately thirteen minutes (Mercury: BJ-1). Mercury mission MA-5 was the first to carry live organisms into sub-orbit. Although Enos - a chimpanzee, was not a perfect substitute for a human, he served as a good test for the environmental controls of the capsule. He orbited the earth in total weightlessness for over three hours and upon landing was in perfect physical condition (Mercury: MA-5). On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 was the first launch to carry humans into space. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. was the only crewmember, and the successful mission lasted for over 15 minutes (Mercury: MR-3). More manned flights from the Mercury series followed, highlighted by the Friendship 7, where on February 20, 1962, John Glenn was the first American in actual orbit, and he orbited the earth three times for a little under five hours (Mercury: MA-6). The last mission from the Mercury project came on May

Let him have it and The Daily Mail Essays

Let him have it and The Daily Mail Essays Let him have it and The Daily Mail Paper Let him have it and The Daily Mail Paper Essay Topic: Film In November 1952 a policeman was shot dead and another left wounded in what the Daily Mail called a gun battle when Christopher Craig and Derek Bentley broke into the Barlow and Parker warehouse in Croydon. I have looked at two media sources of information regarding this event. A newspaper article taken from the Daily Mail 3rd November 1952 and Peter Medaks film Let him have it! . Using these sources I intend to illustrate how they manipulate the audience and if they are biased types of media. The headline for the Daily Mails article regarding the events of the night 2nd November 1952, state that Gangsters with machine guns on roof kill detective, wound another. However only two people, Christopher Craig and Derek Bentley, were on the roof. Neither of them armed with a machine gun. The article consistently describes the pair as the raiders the bandits or the gangsters. This approach suggests that there were more than two people, although it never actually says how many. This is using hyperbole, a deliberate exaggeration in language for a more dramatic effect. Gangsters sounds more threatening and gives a more serious and dangerous impression of the situation. The article leads people to believe that the the gangsters were armed. Although Christopher Craig was carrying a gun, it wasnt a machine gun like the article states it was but a Firearm and Derek Bentley didnt carry a gun but a knuckle-duster which was unused. Craig began shooting randomly when he realised he was surrounded but only to scare off the police. What it evolved into wasnt a second battle of Sidney Street as the Daily Mail claims because Craig was the only one shooting, until a police officer fired three warning shots into the air. Leaving out bits of information such as how Craig jumped from the building after shooting the police officer stops people from feeling sorry for the bandits and making up excuses for them like saying that if he jumped he cant have meant it. By writing about the gangsters as if they were shooting at everyone and not just to scare the police away, the media have created an interesting story that people will want to read and find out how the case progresses and what verdict it will get in court, which is the effect that they would have anticipated. The opening paragraph that declares that the London crime wave reached a new peak the night of 2nd November 1952 is someones opinion presented as a fact, as is the shootings on the roof being associated with the Battle of Sidney Street. These are presented as facts so that people read them as facts and believe them, whatever their own individual opinion is. Opinions will be argued with because they are just someones point of view whereas facts are solid, believable piece of information, which reinforce the importance of a situation. The article has words that play on peoples emotions that intend to touch its readers hearts making them feel sadness towards the dead policemans family and the other officers involved but also to increase hatred and anger towards the gangsters. The policeman being shot dead is quite blunt and sounds harsher than if it had just been phased as shot. It shocks the reader more because the language isnt soft and kind but contains hatred which proposed for Craig and Bentley. The fact that a married man with two children with 12 years of service was killed should instantly make people feel angry that such a tragic incident left two children fatherless and lost a police force its loyal Detective Constable. After I read the article I thought that the boys deserved to be given heavy sentences which they would have both deserved. I felt sorry for the policemen who were there when their colleague got killed and for his family and also the policemen who was wounded. I felt angry towards both boys and hoped they wouldnt get away with it. I think this was the intended response, which was to help make the article more gripping and interesting to read. The article has manipulated me and it has shown bias because it doesnt give the boys side of the story and doesnt give a complete list of events, just the most shocking details. After watching the film I felt sorry for Derek Bentley for being with Christopher Craig on the night of 2nd November 1952, sorry for the Bentley family who had to put up with lots of distress, worry and anger that they must have felt when they heard Dereks sentence, although they believed it wasnt his fault. I wanted Derek to be found innocent and for Christopher Craig to be found the only guilty one. This was much different from my response when I first read the newspaper article which left me outraged at the situation and hoping that both the boys would get the worse punishment they could. I am going to explore how the film manipulated my response. The opening credits of Let him have it are introduced on a black background. The credits appear in simple white text. The white on black is probably a symbol of how serious the film is and is already indicating death. Gentle piano music is played softly in the background which gives a sinister atmosphere. Derek is first introduced breaking into a hut with two other boys, then seven years later he is reintroduced, as the main character, just coming out of a young offenders institute. He is branded as a petty criminal but his family argue that he isnt a real criminal. They believe him to be a victim of an illness that wasnt tolerated then. Derek is portrayed as shy and vulnerable and sympathy is already directed towards him. Even after coming out of the young offenders institute, Derek shuts himself in his room for ages indicating that he still feels trapped and imprisoned, he seems more comfortable developing relationships with animals than with people. He gets confused easily and is an easy target to be manipulated. One of the camera angles is directly above him, looking down which suggests that he is victim and his fate is already determined. The camera zooms in on Derek, showing a physiological shot of him thinking and absorbing things around him. This implies that he is receptive to what goes on and possibly that hes impressible to peoples actions and thoughts. There are a lot of close up shots showing the mental anguish hes feeling. Christopher Craig is first introduced standing against a lamp-post in a relaxed, arrogant manor. He appears to be very sure of himself. In the background bells start ringing which along with him being dressed in black signifies death. Christopher and Derek first meet, Christopher has lots of power over Derek and is very much in control of the situation. When he leaves the camera pans across the screen following the direction in which Christopher Craig left. This gives the impression that although Derek felt intimidated by Christopher, he was interested by where he came from and who he was. Christopher Craig is represented as coming from a bad background because his gang is under the American gangster influence, they dress like hoodlums and he is obsessed by guns. Craig seems to be on a course for self-destruction hes growing up in a community where theres a gun culture and the under privileged turn to crime. Craigs brother has already been caught up in crime and got a twelve year sentence for an armed robbery which he was involved. The friendship between Christopher and Derek is negative and one sided this is shown by the lack of enthusiasm between the two. Craig seems bored and only wants to use Derek because none of his gang wants to do the raid. Derek doesnt seem keen to be part of Craigs gang, hes just tags along to impress Stella, Craigs brothers girlfriend. When Craigs brother is put away Derek makes the effort to be friends but this time its Craig who doesnt want to know so Derek tries to fit in by stealing the butchers keys. Derek has unwittingly drifted into the wrong crowd. This is made significant by the obleak camera angles, the non-direct lighting, shadows on the wall and the dangerous music that plays while Derek is out with Craig, which are all quite threatening. The video uses impressionism and remission of American film Noir movies to the extent of the characters wearing hats and long coats. A lot of realism is involved with most of the filming taking places in streets, close areas and other real situations. Through out the film, his sister shows loyalty towards Derek and sticks up for him. Different levels are shown when people have more control over the situation and in one scene, Derek and his family are all shown shifting levels on the stairs, when Derek walks up them and is above everybody it shows him as being more powerful over the situation and the others are left standing around helplessly. Dereks illness makes him more vulnerable, he over hears his parents talk about him being a social outcast. Even when hes out with Craig he falls on glass which is indicating that hes a victim. Craig gives Derek a knuckle-duster to use on the roof on the night of the raid. When the police do get there, Derek gives himself up quite quickly. However he shouts Let him have it, shortly afterwards, Christopher Craig shoots a police officer, later this is used against him and said to be morally supporting Craig to shoot. When Craig fired the shot, the action changed to slow motion and the silence that followed was quite eerie. Everyone, including Christopher Craig looked shocked and scared. In the courtroom, the camera pans across the room showing the different people and a mixture of expressions and feelings that people are feeling. The camera looks down on Derek seeming to secure his fate as a victim. The judge and the jury all seem to already have their minds made up already and show no tolerance. The sentence hinges around Let him have it. Did it mean let him have the gun or a bullet from the gun? The judge insists that it was a bullet from the gun and that Derek was mentally supporting Craig at the time, which cant be proved. The judge was wearing white gloves and a black hat which again, like the beginning opening credits is symbolising death and the seriousness of the situation. When the jury have made their decision and both Derek and Christopher have been found guilty and told their sentences, Derek is walking down the steps and you hear the judges voice echoing, which is probably an indication of how Derek is hearing the voice in his head at the time. The lighting is dark and dark orange which is a symbol of how angry and upset Bentley is at Craig. The music is soft which represents Derek as being innocent. Derek and his family are supported across the country by people who believe that Derek is innocent. They receive letter of support from people and some people even make their own petitions. The Bentleys show a lot of distress when they go to see Derek, the worried looks and fear that they show is noticeable and slow motion and sad music is used in every scene between the family. At the sentence it is quite misty, I think this is quite appropriate for the day it is because some people have unclear feelings and people who know Derek Bentley well such as his family will be upset and the type of day adds to the mood. On the day of his death sentence, Bentleys family are shown silently sitting in their house with the camera panning across from them to the clock. This builds tension as the minutes count down to his death. The camera shot taken from the place of execution, leaves the scene and goes to Dereks house where we see the family still sitting there but showing their emotions. The camera looks down on the family like it did on Derek earlier, now the Bentleys are victims of social injustice. At the end of the film I placed the blame on Christopher Craig for initiating Derek to be part of the gang and encouraging him to d the raid, knowing that Bentley had the mental age of an eleven year old. I think I have been manipulated and that the film did show bias because every time we saw Christopher Craig it was implied that he was a bad influence, Craig wasnt given an opportunity to show that he was innocent or that he too was being misled, possibly by his brother or just by trying to keep up with his brother. Out of the two media forms I preferred the film because it was more interesting, providing more information about both the event and the boys, especially Derek. This made the actual incident more interesting because you could see what happened and because you have already got to know Derek you want to know what happened to him. Seeing him as a victim of the judges in the court is biased to how we feel when we see him get hanged which makes you feel angry towards Craig and upset that his family went through so much distress. The audience response in both media forms have been manipulated to create an interesting and informative news source. Both show biased by using emotive and formal language, they use the present tense and link phrases together. Both show bias towards the boys and in particular Christopher Craig. Portraying Derek as a victim in the film is biased and influences how we think, it makes us see him as innocent and misled. The newspaper article emphasises on the shooting of the police officer and makes out that the raid was made by gangsters. Neither media sources say what happened without using hyperbole, generalising information or leaving certain information out to produce the information source that they want to.

Economic Theory of Marketing Control and Business Essay

Economic Theory of Marketing Control and Business - Essay Example It is pointed out that franchising has certain benefits. Firstly, it allows distinctive competency, then quick expansion, uniform operation-standardisation, and lastly, same food experience (Funding Universe, n.d). Admittedly, McDonald’s has adopted franchising as a way of expansion. In this franchising, the parent company sells the right to distribute its products and to use its trade name to smaller businesses around the world. McDonald’s organisational culture is the culture the parental company transmits to its franchisees. The company operates according to four values; quality, service, convenience, and value. Though the company has enforced these basic values into all its franchisees, the franchisees are allowed to incorporate local culture into their marketing and products (McDonalds. Com, 2011) Another point is that the company hires local people for its regional operations so that they become able to make the company a good image in the local community by adopt ing locally accepted working culture, salaries, products and communication. There are two points that deserve attention here; firstly, the company seeks to offer the same product offerings around the world, and secondly, it intends to offer the same food experience for all customers. There are various reasons that prompt the company to go global. They are to gain more brand and shareholder value, to have more sources of income and growth markets, to lessen its dependence on the home market, to leverage the existing corporate technology, supply chains, knowledge and intellectual property, and to find better acceptance in the home country by being global. Thus, as cited in Ghosh et al (n.d), presently, McDonald’s holds 19% of the global fast food market followed by Doctor’s... As the paper discusses  McDonald’s has adopted franchising as a way of expansion. In this franchising, the parent company sells the right to distribute its products and to use its trade name to smaller businesses around the world. McDonald’s organisational culture is the culture the parental company transmits to its franchisees. The company operates according to four values; quality, service, convenience, and value. Though the company has enforced these basic values into all its franchisees, the franchisees are allowed to incorporate local culture into their marketing and products.From this research it is clear that McDonald’s holds 19% of the global fast food market followed by Doctor’s Associates with 10%, and Yum Brands with 9%. Other important players are Wendy’s, Burger King, and Dominos. The remaining market is held by companies which are local in nature. It seems that McDonald’s has adopted two strategies since 2003 to keep up with t he changing international market. The first strategy is to introduce new foods and concepts as opposed to loyalty to traditional foods. As a pat of this strategy, the Premium Chicken Sandwiches and Angus Beef Burger took birth. In addition, there was the addition of premium salads. The second major strategy was to focus on increasing sales at its existing restaurants instead of starting new ones. As a part of it, the company remodelled its many restaurants, increased working hours, and raised the options on menus.

Reflective analysis case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reflective analysis case studies - Essay Example On the night in question, as a site manager, I was dealing with admissions and bed allocations. A colleague who was working opposite was the first responder that night. She received a call from the Critical Care Unit (CCU) at 2300 hours; the CCU nurses narrated that a female patient was having ongoing chest pains following the use of the commode; nurses also reported changes in the patient’s ECG reading; the CCU nurses also reported that the patient was given a glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray. My colleague and I already met the patient the previous night at the Emergency Medical Care (EMC) unit when she was admitted for shortness of breath (SOB), palpitations, and was having pleural effusions drained. Before we left for the ward, we fast beeped the doctor about the patient. We knew from the patient’s admission that she was 64 years old and had a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) and an Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) surgery 13 days prior to her admission. When we got to the CCU, the patient was extremely anxious and frightened; was very short of breath; was having chest pains; and was speaking in short sentences. The patient was also not sweating. The CCU nurses already put her on 15L Oxygen non-rebreath mask. I immediately made my A to G assessment while my friend helped to calm and reassure the patient. The doctor arrived a few minutes after we did and he saw the patient briefly, auscultated her chest, and went to the nurses’ station to write down his orders on the patient’s chart. I went to the nurses’ station to confer with the doctor about his initial findings and his orders. The doctor ordered Digoxin 500 mcg to be given immediately to the patient; he also ordered an increase in the treatment dose of clexane to 90 mg. He also ordered another 12 lead ECG to be done on the patient in 2 hours time; another dose of Digoxin in 6 hours time; IV

Framework of Sustainability for SMEs

Framework of Sustainability for SMEs Sustainability: Integrating the Literature to Develop a Framework for SMEs Abstract Business today is called to consider sustainability or corporate social responsibility. Is this call meaningful or relevant to SMEs? Using the taxonomy of Garriga and Mele the literature on the broad spectrum of work related to sustainability and CSR is reviewed to develop a framework for SMEs, structured around the simple concepts of why, when, what, how and where. Further work with the framework will answer two questions; the circumstances of how SMEs engage in sustainability and what are the unique aspects of this sustainability for SMEs. Introduction Over recent times there has been a growing demand for business to consider corporate sustainability. Most large public companies are engaging with the concept in some way as evidenced by the production of Sustainability or Corporate Social Responsibility Reports (Bartells, 2008). Small and medium sized businesses (SMEs) are less likely to be engaged and some would argue they are not even sure what the concept means or whether it is relevant (Redmond, Walker, Wang, 2008; Spence, Jeurissen, Rutherfoord, 2000; Vives, 2006). There is a large body of literature on the aligned concepts of sustainability, corporate social responsibility, corporate social performance, global responsibility and corporate citizenship, with a variety of perspectives, definitions and assumptions. There is no integrated theory or framework broadly adopted by scholars and in fact there have been only a few attempts at this (Garriga Melà ©, 2004; Jones, 1983; Montiel, 2008; Wood, 1991). Within the SME literature there have been calls for research to develop a theoretical framework to understand CSR and SMEs (Jenkins, 2006; Thompson Smith, 1991). Whilst there is a growing body of literature focused on SMEs it is often merely descriptive and uses a single theoretical lens. A broader model encompassing a wider range of theoretical perspectives may have more utility. The utility and practicability of the framework as a tool for small business will be tested as part of a lager project to develop, from case study research and the literature, a useful integrative framework, to assist SMEs to engage with sustainability in the most appropriate and relevant way for their business. The normative approach frequently used in studies of large organisations whilst ideal may not be the most pertinent to SMEs. This paper aims to develop a practical theoretical framework unifying the spectrum of theoretical and empirical approaches and focussing in particular on the needs of SMEs. The paper starts with an outline of the concept of sustainability and a review of the unique aspects of SMEs. It then moves into a review of the literature using a taxonomy based on Garriga (Garriga Melà ©, 2004), considering both theory development and empirical studies. From this the most relevant elements are drawn together to develop a number of propositions regarding both the circumstances of how SMEs engage in sustainability and what are the unique aspects of this sustainability for SMEs. To add to the practicality of the framework it will be structured around 5 dimensions; Why, when, what, where and how? What is Sustainability At the outset a normative definition with regard to sustainability is required to anchor this work. Corporate sustainability is an umbrella concept (Gond Crane, 2008) which integrates the social, environmental and economic dimensions into business operation. Within these three categories, there are a range of elements which are comprehensively detailed in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI, 2006). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is often used interchangeably with sustainability in the business world and large companies may have either a CSR or sustainability report with little notion of the long theoretical tradition behind each of the terms. In the academic literature there are quite different origins of the two. It is worth digressing to briefly explore the history and overlaps of the terms. CSR as defined by Carroll encompassed four elements, economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic (Carroll, 1979). This was later refined to three with philanthropic being incorporated into the economic or ethical space depending on the logic (Schwartz Carroll, 2003). Until Woods work in 1991 there was no mention of the natural environment within the CSR literature (Wood, 1991). In parallel, during the late 80s ecological modernisation implored business to consider its environmental impact and look for solutions to environmental problems (Mol Sonnenfeld, 2000). Also in the 80s, as a response to the UN movement on sustainable development, business or corporate sustainability was developed, focusing not only on profit, but on the social and environmental impacts of business. Thus there were three independent movements CSR (predominantly social/ethical), ecological sustainability (predominantly environmental) and sustainability (economic, social and environmental). This differentiation still exists in scholarship. When one considers the divisions within the Academy of Management there exists both Social Issues in Management (SIM) the natural home of the CSR scholars and Organisation for the Natural Environment (ONE) the natural home of the environmentalists. Those who chose the sustainability path exist in both divisions and are not completely at home in eith er. The concepts of CSR and sustainability are becoming closer. Some scholars now argue that environmental issues are an explicit subset of CSR (Agle, Mitchell, Sonnenfeld, 1999; Waddock, 2008) . Montiel claims that both CSR and sustainability now include the economic, social and environmental elements, with sustainability more integrated and with different questions asked by researchers in each paradigm (Montiel, 2008). The difficulty remains in the implicit versus explicit definitions. CSR literature often includes the environment implicitly. The risk is that what is implicit can be overlooked, and so CSR could exist without considering the environment, but in sustainability the environment is explicit, although not exclusive. Social and economic considerations are also explicit in sustainability. This is one reason sustainability is more appropriate then CSR as the focus this work. There is another subtle difference between the two with CSR being more concerned with an ethical perspective, and a requirement that involvement must be voluntary and beyond any legal requirements. This last concept is not considered in sustainability. Research on CSR often reflects on individual activities tagging philanthropy and volunteering as evidence of CSR (Jenkins, 2006; Porter Kramer, 2002) . Corporate sustainability is focused more on the long term and has no relative measure against any legal requirements. Two key concepts are clearly defined in sustainability and less explicit within the CSR literature, particularly earlier papers. These are upstream social impacts in the supply chain and the expanded concept of product stewardship. Product stewardship refers to the environmental or social impact of the product from raw material, through manufacture and its useful life to disposal impacts. The supply chain factors include the social impacts on employees and communities u pstream in the supply chain. As a final clarification, sustainability in some work focuses only on the environmental case (Bansal Roth, 2000; Tilley, 2000), however in this paper the term sustainability refers to the wholesome integration and consideration of the dimensions of economic performance and social and environmental impact into a business, and is very much aligned with the approach that has been described as Corporate Sustainable Development (Bansal, 2005). In an ideal world sustainability is a normative concept with business understanding that it has a wider responsibility than simply an economic outcome and must consider its impact on the social and ecological environment it operates in now and for future generations. The major focus of the larger project, of which this paper forms a part, is to determine if this is real and meaningful for SMEs or if there is a more appropriate definition and framework for SMEs. SMEs There are a few definitions of SMEs in the literature. For this exercise we will adopt a definition of businesses between 10 and 200 employees (the Australian Bureau of Statistics definition of SMEs). They tend to be owner operated. There is much evidence that SMEs are different to large firms and hence behave in different ways. Generally they are independent, multi-tasking and cash strapped (Jenkins, 2004; Williamson, Lynch-Wood, Ramsay, 2006) more flexible and less formalised (Aragà ³n-Correa, Hurtado-Torres, Sharma, Garcà ­a-Morales, 2008; Lefebvre, Lefebvre, Talbot, 2003), have a shortage of management skills (Luetkenhorst, 2004), are unlikely to use costly professional advice (Spence, Schmidpeter, Habisch, 2003), and manage stakeholders with whom they have personal relationships (Jenkins, 2006). When the economy is tough SMEs have to focus on short term survival as they generally do not have the depth of resources of larger firms (Luetkenhorst, 2004). This suggests a resource constraint in adopting new approaches to work wether focused on sustainability or strategic management. This is explicitly stated as an inhibitor for SMEs to adopt CSR (Kuhndt, Volker, Herrndorf, 2004). A contrasting view suggests a shared vision, proactively driven by the founder, combined with the innovativeness and flexibility, will actually encourage adoption of better practices in SMEs and in the case of one study, better approaches to environmental management (Aragà ³n-Correa et al., 2008). There is a comprehensive body of work on SMEs and sustainability, which tends to show evidence of attention to some of the elements of sustainability within SMEs almost accidently (Lawrence, Collins, Pavlovich, Arunachalam, 2006; Roberts, Lawson, Nicholls, 2006), very little affiliation with CSR (Jenkins, 2006) or environmental impact (Petts, 2000; Redmond et al., 2008) and a general disengagement with sustainability (Vives, 2006). All papers argue the importance of looking at small business because of its aggregated size and impact and its difference to large business where a much more substantial body of work has been undertaken. In the review of the theoretical approaches relevant empirical or descriptive work from the SME literature will be considered. Taxonomy of the literature There are a number of articles which detail the history of scholarly endeavours into CSR, sustainability and aligned concepts (Bansal, 2005; Carroll, 1999). Suffice to say that after 50 years no single theory or integrative framework exists which brings together the disparate views of corporate sustainability, stakeholder theory, natural capitalism, resource based views of the firm, corporate social responsibility, global responsibility, sustainable leadership and corporate citizenship, into a framework beneficial to business operators and not just academics. From an empirical approach, the Sustainable Leadership model of Avery developed using a grounded theory methodology (Avery, 2005), contains many elements from most of these theories as does Stubbs Sustainability Business Model (Stubbs Cocklin, 2008) and will be reviewed later. Garriga and Mele published a taxonomy of the CSR field in 2004 based on the work of Parsons who identifies four problems in any dynamic system; that of building and distributing resources; the economic aspect, that of allocating and prioritising resources; the political aspect, that of maintaining social relationships; the social aspect and that of ensuring actors display the right values; the ethical aspect. Using these dimensions, theories based on the prime organisational goal of wealth creation Garriga identifies as instrumental theories, those based on the responsible use of the social power of organisations are defined as political theories, those based on integrating social demands to satisfy todays stakeholders are integrative theories and those based on normative values unbounded by time and environment, they term ethical theories. The authors add that most theories will have elements of all four aspects with a strong focus on one area, used as the basis for segmentation (Ga rriga Melà ©, 2004). A limitation of the review is that it focuses on predominantly American literature and ignores salient literature such as global responsibility (GR) developed in other geographies. Considering the context of the business system or the surrounding institutions (Luetkenhorst, 2004; Matten Moon, 2008), focusing on a single geography gives the narrow focus of a single business system. A second limitation is that the theories considered are all firm centric and so papers that look at how external institutions can impact CSR activities are not considered. Finally the work does not include the literatures outside of the traditional CSR space so ecological modernisation and business sustainability are excluded. The following will include a review of the broader literature omitted from Garrigas paper. The taxonomy chosen is relevant given the empirical evidence of its elements in the CSR activities and motivations of large companies (Whitehouse, 2006) To develop an integrated framework for SMEs, this paper must cover off a broader range of literature which includes institutions that may impact on SMEs involvement with sustainability. With this and the limitations of the Garriga taxonomy in mind, expansion of the concept of political theories to look at external as well as firm centric theories is appropriate. This group will be called institutional theories after Powell and Di Maggio (DiMaggio Powell, 1983). In the following sections each of these four groups, ethical, instrumental, integrative and institutional is explored in more detail, considering the main theories within each group, any supporting empirical or SME research. Finally the most relevant questions and implications for SMEs are extracted to develop propositions which form the bones of the integrated framework. Ethical theories Within this group are considered theories that are predominantly ethical arguing that it is the responsibility of business to look beyond the financial bottom line to the wider context and impact of business on the societies in which it operates, in a relatively unbounded manner, because it is the right thing to do. All strategic management theories have some moral or ethical underpinning (Phillips, Freeman, Wicks, 2003) however they are only included in this group when this is the primary focus of the theory. Under review will be CSR, normative stakeholder theory and global responsibility followed by a review of relevant empirical or SME work. Corporate Social Responsibility in its original form was an ethical theory. Developed in the USA as early as the 1950s it was unabashedly normative, â€Å"the social responsibility of business encompass the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time† (Carroll, 1979, p. 500). The normative version of stakeholder theory is also ethical; â€Å"Stakeholder theory begins with the assumption that values are necessarily and explicitly a part of doing business† (Freeman, Wicks, Parmar, 2004, p. 364). Normative stakeholder theory is differentiated from the applied or integrative use of stakeholder theory in that it generalises on which stakeholder interests should be considered and admonishes managers that these stakeholders must be considered in decision making (Phillips et al., 2003). In the last few years a new â€Å"global responsibility† literature has developed in Europe. The concept has its origins in CSR however the new label is proposed on the basis there are greater pressures from technological progress and globalization, moving so fast, that neither ethics nor legal frameworks can keep up. Thus it is up to business owners to fill this ethical vacuum and develop a new business model based not on making profit but on making progress. De Woot states: â€Å"In a global economy the raison dà ªtre of the firm is to ensure economic and technical progress that furthers human progress and facilitates the type of society we wish to have† (de Woot, 2005, p. 113). The corporation is viewed as a source of energy and creativity which has led to massive global development. DeWoot seeks to change the focus of this energy towards progress, not just profit, and to fill the gaps in global governance. Global Responsibility supersedes CSR, claiming that both corporate and social are too narrow (Antal Sobczak, 2004). Perez defines global responsibility in more detail, identifying responsibility for actions and their consequences in a global context which implies extensions to the societal, environmental and time dimensions in which we are used to operating. The responsibility is borne both by the organisation and its â€Å"social representatives†, with responsibility owed to shareholders, external authorities and other stakeholders (Perez, 2003). Beyond the strict definition of the words, the intent of both concepts is the same, for business to be motivated by more than the â€Å"single thought† (de Woot, 2005, p. 39) or profit motive and consider both a wider goal and a wider sphere of impact. A number of authors identify two opposing models of company orientation aligning one with a firm response to the ethics of global responsibility or CSR and the other with a sole focus on profit. The former has been called the Rhineland model (Albert, 1992; Avery, 2005) and is expressed by Perez; â€Å"The manager considers that his mission, and that of the enterprises he manages, is a multiple one: he must of course be competitive to do otherwise would be suicidal but also, as far as possible, be attentive to his internal and external partners, think about the environment and future generations, in short be globally responsible† (Perez, 2003, p. 82). The opposing perspective is the Anglo US model (Avery, 2005) and follows the ideology of the single thought (de Woot, 2005). It is this differentiation which leads to a contentious issue in the CSR literature. Much of the CSR literature talks about the need to go beyond legal requirements (Carroll, 1999) however once this is int erpreted through the lens of the national business system it can be seen why this has come about. The lack of regulation in the American corporate context, to address other than financial imperatives, requires that if a company is considering its social impact it must go beyond compliance. In the European context many of these requirements are bound up in institutional aspects of the local business model. Matten and Moon refer to this as implicit and explicit CSR (Matten Moon, 2008). This international context of the institutions, cultures and norms of the society in which firms are rooted needs to be considered in much of the discussion about CSR and sustainability, particularly when we talk of institutional literature. Much of the work stemming from United Nations initiatives around sustainable development such as the Brundtland Report and the Global Compact also stem from an ethical perspective. The argument is about the rights of the worlds peoples and hence the dual obligation on business to maintain the ecological environment for the benefit of future generations and to be responsible for the social impacts on society today. The common thread amongst the ethical arguments is that they are all focused on why these broader issues should be a responsibility of business. They do not venture into what or how: this will come from subsequent literature. There are relevant empirical studies which help to develop this â€Å"why† concept further particularly for SMEs, which will now be reviewed. Empirical work on ethical theories of sustainability, CSR or normative stakeholder theory is sparse (Berman, Phillips, Wicks, 2006). No research investigating global responsibility and business could be found, although there are a number of descriptive case studies of business which are used to show evidence of a global responsibility approach (Antal Sobczak, 2004; Zinkin, 2004). De Woot identifies that small business is unable to make the changes required alone and this will only happen through their professional associations (de Woot, 2005). Within the descriptive literature on SMEs and the adoption of CSR or sustainability there is considerable evidence that there is an ethical motive behind some business activities which could be considered a part of the CSR spectrum (Condon, 2004; Graafland, van de Ven, Stoffele, 2003; Spence et al., 2003). Jamalis work in Lebanon reached a conclusion that is typical of many studies: â€Å"there was a high level of convergence regarding a philanthropic conception of CSR that was characterized as an obligation parallel to the business rather than being integrated into it. All six SME managers (with no exception) equated CSR with philanthropy, which they considered as a necessary activity independent of mainstream business transactions.† (Jamali, Zanhour, Keshishian, 2009, p. 364) This is not unlike the early view of CSR, where the key issue was philanthropy as an activity of the firm somewhat separate from the firms business. Spence has looked deeply at the personal ethics of small business owners and how this impacts their business operation, to identify four orientations; profit maximisation, subsistence priority, enlightened self interest and social parity (Spence Rutherford, 2001). This frame gives us some insight into the utility of ethical theories of CSR. For those who have a social orientation, ie those exhibiting enlightened self interest or social priority an ethical theory may have utility in further integration of sustainability into the business beyond mere CSR activities. For those with a profit maximisation focus, however ethical theories are unlikely to entice operators to be involved. Which begs the question if ethical theories are only useful to those who are ethical then do they have any utility at all? And yet maybe they do and the focus needs to be to inculcate business to understand that if they claim to be ethical they need to take on De Woots call and use their energy to change t he way their business operates and strategically incorporate the new paradigm into their daily operations. It may be that it is the inability to gain traction with ethical arguments that led truly committed individuals such as Elkington and Hawken to develop their work as instrumental theories and encourage business buy in this way. In summary the research shows that for SMEs an ethical intent of the owner may lead to adoption of sustainability or at least elements of CSR. This will be considered further as propositions are developed to build the framework. Instrumental theories Within the taxonomy, instrumental theories are defined as those that argue that CSR can be adopted as a means to achieve an economic end. In other contexts they are termed the Business Case (Dyllick Hockerts, 2002; Epstein Roy, 2003). Garriga includes Friedmans shareholder maximisation theory, the work of Porter on social investments in a competitive context, Prahlad on the bottom of the pyramid, Harts natural resource view of the firm, and work on cause related marketing. To this can be added Natural Capitalism and the triple bottom line. Harts Natural Resource Based view seeks to engage business to maintain and protect the environment by exhorting a firm to consider a wider view of the resources available to it, and extend from the traditional consideration of capital and labour as the only constrained resources to include the natural resources it uses. In particular it asks a firm to consider pollution prevention, product stewardship and sustainable development. The theory is instrumental because it argues that over time the adoption of this strategy will lead to competitive advantage, which in the current business paradigm equates to more profit (Hart, 1995). The theory is extended to a model for how to integrate sustainability through the sustainable value framework a somewhat integrative model however clearly focussed on creating shareholder value, which may be a broader construct then profit alone (Hart Milstein, 2003). One concept clearly articulated in this framework and absent in many others is that this i s a strategic choice and should be part of the strategic decision making framework of the firm. Patagonia is held up as a company whose successful growth and green reputation is based on successfully integrating the elements of natural resource based theory into its strategy (Fowler Hope, 2007). Porter weighed in on the environment debate in the 90s arguing that to be green would lead to long term competitive advantage albeit at a potential short term cost (Porter Linde, 1995). This is very much an instrumental or profit oriented approach. He came late to consideration of CSR and unsurprisingly has also taken an instrumental approach. The profit motive is explicit in his comment; â€Å"The essential test that should guide CSR is not whether a cause is worthy but whether it presents an opportunity to create shared value that is, a meaningful benefit for society that is also valuable to the business† (Porter Kramer, 2006, p. 84). Prahalads plea for multinationals to engage in developing products appropriate for, and taking their business to, developing countries, whilst altruistic, is again instrumental. The focus is that business can make money with the approach (Prahalad, 2002). Since this is a call to multinational corporations this is unlikely to be relevant for the SME framework, except potentially to the extent of product development. The Triple Bottom line is another instrumental approach. Elkington comes from a personal conviction that the world must change (Elkington, 1999), with an argument that is not unlike DeWoots global responsibility argument. This is his personal motive for raising awareness. However in developing his theory and identifying the seven pillars of a sustainable future and thus calling others to action he relies on a business case and clearly states that the reason is not about ethics or religion (Elkington, 1999) He avoids the argument for a paradigm shift and reverts to a business case argument almost as if he were trying to seduce business to accept his ideas and unwittingly do the right thing by the environment. The theory of Natural Capitalism has a similar thread. It is again easy to confuse the theory with the ethics of the creator. The four pillars are increased resource productivity, waste elimination through closed loop material circuits, an economic shift to a solutions based business model and investment in natural capital. However as the proponents states: â€Å"that enable business to behave responsibly towards both nature and people while increasing profits, inspiring their workforce and gaining competitive advantage† (Lovins Lovins, 2001, p. 99). They are profit focused and thus instrumental and move from the â€Å"what† typical of most instrumental theories and extend it in to a â€Å"how† which we typically see in Garrigas integrative theories. As a generalisation instrumental theories tell us what to look at to achieve competitive advantage or profit. There is a focus on material usage, waste and physical resources (Hart, 1995; Lovins Lovins, 2001), product stewardship (Hart Milstein, 2003), symbiotic partnerships (Elkington, 1999), relevant social issues (Porter Kramer, 2006) and on marketing and business models (Elkington, 1999; Lovins Lovins, 2001). From a theoretical perspective we now have why, what and a little on how. The following paragraphs review the empirical work on SMEs and instrumental theory to further inform the framework. There is significant empirical work testing the validity of the business case argument. Orlitzkys meta-analysis of this body of work shows that there is a correlation between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance (Orlitzky, Schmidt, Rynes, 2003). This finding gives an additional utility to this group of theories for the profit motivated adopting the new ethics of CSR or sustainability makes a contribution to profit so we have a why as well as a what. Ethicists however take issue and question whether the ends adoption of CSR justify the means taking it on because it adds to profit (Gond, Palazzo, Basu, 2009). Within the SME literature there is a strong case argued that contribution to profit is critical and when this can be demonstrated practices which form part of the sustainability agenda may be adopted (Castka, Balzarova, Bamber, Sharp, 2004; Williamson et al., 2006). Studies show that cost savings and competitive advantage can be gained from attention to the environment (Aragà ³n-Correa et al., 2008), successful implementation of eco-efficiency and environmental policies was motivated by a business case (Cà ´tà ©, Booth, Louis, 2006; Kerr, 2006, p. 34) and application of Harts strategies are directly applicable to SMEs (Avram Kà ¼hne, 2008). When looking deeper into the literature for the items identified in the discussion of instrumental theories, ie material usage, waste and physical resources, symbiotic partnerships, relevant social issues and marketing and business models, it is only the clear business performance characteristics which resonate and are considered (Williamson et al., 2006). In considering the integrative framework it will be necessary to consider what elements identified should be considered given the limitations of SME resourcing. Integrative models Integrative models consider how social demands are integrated into a business. They do not have the scope of ethical theories and are bounded in the present what social issues demand the attention of the business now. In Garrigas taxonomy integrative theories include stakeholder management, corporate social performance, issues management and public responsibility. Dunphys pathways framework (Dunphy, Griffiths, Benn, 2007) and Tilbury and Wortmans organisation development methodology (Tilbury Wortman, 2004) are added into this class. Integrative theories developed because an ethical notion of CSR is holistic and does not help the manager in determining the granularity of what issues to address and how to address them. In developing the idea of CSR as a process, issues management, Jones states â€Å"Corporate managers do not advance by asking abstract questions but by making the pragmatic, specific decisions that confront them in the operation of their business.† (Jones, 1980 , p. 60). Similarly in her 1991 paper, Wood develops a practical framework from the previous theoretical work on CSR and corporate social performance, integrating principles, process and outcomes (Wood, 1991). Within the GR literature Thevenet also tries to develop an integrative form of global responsibility in an attempt for relevance. For GR to be effective he suggests business is responsible to expose and train managers, to develop personal reflection and maturity without which he claims ethical decisions cannot be made, â€Å"The key to global responsibility will be, at the end of the day, behavioural responsibility from people† (Thevenet, 2003, p. 124). With a prima facie base in ethics the separation between integrative and ethical theories is ambiguous. The difficulty is that once the theory becomes integrative and focused on application, the origins become less significant and the same process can be used for different reasons. At the extreme is the work of Gond on the Mafia as an organisation which on the surface can be said to exhibit many CSR best practices yet is patently not an ethical organisation. Practices include; developing good relationships with the local community and stakeholders (albeit using